iTwin · mayank99 · Nov 1, 2024
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+---
+title: Accessibility
+layout: ./_layout.astro
+---
+
+## Metadata
+
+Applications should set the [`lang` attribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/lang) on the `<html>` element. This can be done from the application entrypoint (whether that's a plain HTML file or a JSX root layout).
+
+```html
+<html lang="en">
+```
+
+Every page must have a unique `<title>` that identifies the page. For example, the application's home page might have the title "Home — Acme Application", and a projects page might have the title "Projects — Acme Application".
+
+```html
+<title>{pageName} — {applicationName}</title>
+```
+
+### Single-page applications
+
+When working with single-page applications, setting the title might require using your framework's built-in metadata API, or a third-party library like [`react-helmet`](https://github.com/nfl/react-helmet).
+
+When navigating between pages on a regular website, screen-readers will automatically announce the page title. Within a single-page application, you might need to use a [live region](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/ARIA_Live_Regions) to emulate the same functionality. Some frameworks come with a [built-in route announcer](https://nextjs.org/docs/architecture/accessibility#route-announcements), while others might require implementing this manually.
+
+## Landmarks
+
+[Landmarks](https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/landmarks/) are a set of eight roles that identify the major sections of a page. Landmarks allow assistive technology users to quickly browse and skip to relevant content.
+
+The main content of the page must be wrapped in a `<main>` element. This works well when combined with iTwinUI's [`<Header>`](/docs/header), [`<SideNavigation>`](/docs/sidenavigation), and [`<Footer>`](/docs/footer) components.
+
+```jsx
+<Header>…</Header>
+<SideNavigation>…</SideNavigation>
+<main>…</main>
+<Footer />
+```
+
+iTwinUI also provides an [iTwinUI-layouts package](https://itwin.github.io/iTwinUI-layouts/) which automatically sets up these landmarks.
+
+## Headings
+
+[Headings](https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/page-structure/headings/) communicate the organization of the page content. Assistive technology users rely on headings, in addition to landmarks, to navigate and understand the page.
+
+- Every page must have one `<h1>` element that identifies the page.
+  - This heading often coincides with the page title.
+- Every major section of the page might contain an `<h2>` element.
+- Sub-sections of the major sections might be identified with `<h3>`.
+
+It is important not to skip heading levels (e.g. going from `<h2>` to `<h4>`). iTwinUI's [`<Text>`](typography) component decouples the heading's visual presentation from its semantics, which helps ensure that a proper heading structured can be utilized regardless of the desired visuals.
+
+In some cases, a page might not have an obvious candidate to be used as the `<h1>`. Since every page is required to have an `<h1>`, this heading can be rendered as [`<VisuallyHidden>`](/docs/visuallyhidden) to maintain a sensible heading structure without impacting visuals.
+
+```jsx
+<VisuallyHidden as='h1'>Projects</VisuallyHidden>
+```
+
+## Resources
+
+- [Accessible Landmarks — Scott O'Hara](https://www.scottohara.me/blog/2018/03/03/landmarks.html)
+- [SPAs: Notes on Accessibility — City of Helsinki](https://saavutettavuusmalli.hel.fi/en/saavutettavuus-palvelukehityksessa/toteutus-ja-ohjelmistotestaus/single-page-applications-spas-notes-on-accessibility/)
+- [Léonie Watson on why semantic HTML document landmarks assist her using a screenreader](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUCYPM6up9M)