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Central.java

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+import java.awt.Color;
+import java.awt.Graphics;
+import java.awt.Graphics2D;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * The goal of this project is to explore 3D rendering in Java.
+ *
+ * @author Justin C
+ */
+public class Central extends Controller
+{
+  /**
+   * Stores whether shadows is enabled for all shadow-bound Models.
+   */
+  public static boolean shadows;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to count the number of triangles being rendered.
+   */
+  private int trisCount, updateTris, pipelineSize;
+
+  /**
+   * Stores GUI info.
+   */
+  private boolean paused, showHUD;
+
+  /**
+   * Resets constants.
+   */
+  public void reset()
+  {
+    shadows = false;
+    paused = false;
+    showHUD = true;
+    Writer.reset();
+    Movement.reset();
+    Rotation.reset();
+  }
+
+  public void initialize()
+  {
+    System.out.println(Arguments.INSTRUCTIONS);
+    Arguments.initialize();
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  public void tick(long frameCount)
+  {
+    // Triangle counter.
+    updateTris %= 60;
+    updateTris++;
+    if (updateTris == 60)
+      trisCount = pipelineSize;
+
+    if (paused)
+      return;
+
+    // Camera controls.
+    if (mouseOver(0, 0, 200, Writer.HEIGHT))
+      Rotation.slowL();
+    if (mouseOver(Writer.WIDTH - 200, 0, 200, Writer.HEIGHT))
+      Rotation.slowR();
+    if (mouseOver(0, 0, Writer.WIDTH, 200))
+      Rotation.slowU();
+    if (mouseOver(0, Writer.HEIGHT - 200, Writer.WIDTH, 200))
+      Rotation.slowD();
+
+    if (mouseOver(0, 0, 100, Writer.HEIGHT))
+      Rotation.fastL();
+    if (mouseOver(Writer.WIDTH - 100, 0, 100, Writer.HEIGHT))
+      Rotation.fastR();
+    if (mouseOver(0, 0, Writer.WIDTH, 100))
+      Rotation.fastU();
+    if (mouseOver(0, Writer.HEIGHT - 100, Writer.WIDTH, 100))
+      Rotation.fastD();
+
+    for (Model p : Model.pipeline)
+      p.tick();
+
+    for (AnimatedModel p : AnimatedModel.pipeline)
+      p.tick();
+
+    // All other tick methods.
+    Rotation.tick();
+    Movement.tick(Rotation.heading);
+  }
+
+  public void render(Graphics g, long frameCount)
+  {
+    Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
+
+    // Draws the background.
+    g2.setColor(Color.black);
+    g2.fillRect(0, 0, Writer.WIDTH, Writer.HEIGHT);
+
+    // The list of all triangles to be rendered.
+    ArrayList<Triangle> pipeline = new ArrayList<Triangle>();
+
+    for (Model p : Model.pipeline)
+      p.addTo(pipeline, shadows);
+
+    for (AnimatedModel p : AnimatedModel.pipeline)
+      p.addTo(pipeline, shadows);
+
+    // Gets the number of triangle to be rendered.
+    pipelineSize = pipeline.size();
+
+    // Draws all entities.
+    g2.drawImage(
+        Triangle.getImage(pipeline,
+            new Basis(Movement.pos, Rotation.pitch, Rotation.heading),
+            Writer.WIDTH, Writer.HEIGHT,
+            Rotation.near, Rotation.far, Rotation.zoom), 0, 0, null);
+
+    if (showHUD)
+    {
+      // A text array that stores HUD info.
+      String[] textBox = {
+          "FPS: " + frameCount,
+          "Position: " + Movement.pos,
+          "Shadows: " + shadows,
+          "Heading / Pitch: " + Matrix.round(Rotation.heading, 3) +
+              " / " + Matrix.round(Rotation.pitch, 3),
+          "View Length / Zoom: " + Matrix.round(Rotation.near, 3) +
+              " / " + Matrix.round(Rotation.zoom, 3),
+          "Triangle Count: " + trisCount
+      };
+
+      // Draws the HUD.
+      for (int i = 0; i < textBox.length; i++)
+        Writer.showText(g2, textBox[i], 10, 20 * i + 20);
+
+      // Draws the center pointer.
+      g2.setColor(Color.white);
+      g2.fillRect(Writer.WIDTH / 2 - 3, Writer.HEIGHT / 2 - 3, 8, 8);
+      g2.setColor(Color.black);
+      g2.fillRect(Writer.WIDTH / 2 - 2, Writer.HEIGHT / 2 - 2, 6, 6);
+    }
+
+    if (paused)
+    {
+      // Pause GUI.
+      g2.setColor(Color.white);
+      g2.fillRect(Writer.WIDTH / 2 - 200, 400, 400, 128);
+      g2.setColor(Color.gray);
+      g2.fillRect(Writer.WIDTH / 2 - 190, 410, 380, 108);
+      Writer.setMainFont("times new roman", 0, 80);
+      Writer.showText(g2, "PAUSED", 490);
+      Writer.setMainFont("times new roman", 0, 14);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void keyPressed()
+  {
+    Movement.pressKeys(keyCode);
+  }
+
+  public void keyTyped()
+  {
+
+  }
+
+  public void keyReleased()
+  {
+    Movement.releaseKeys(keyCode);
+    Rotation.releaseKeys(keyCode);
+
+    if (keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_E)
+      showHUD = !showHUD;
+    if (keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL)
+      paused = !paused;
+  }
+
+  public void wheelInput()
+  {
+    Rotation.scroll(wheel);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseInput(int eventMouse)
+  {
+    if (clicks <= 0 || eventMouse != 1)
+      return;
+
+    if (!paused)
+    {
+      // Left clicking in renderer.
+      if (button == 1)
+        reset();
+
+      // Right clicking in renderer.
+      if (button == 3)
+        shadows = !shadows;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args)
+  {
+    new Loader(Writer.WIDTH, Writer.HEIGHT, "3D Rendering in Java", 60, new Central());
+  }
+}

Controller.java

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+import java.awt.Graphics;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.awt.event.KeyListener;
+import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
+import java.awt.event.MouseListener;
+import java.awt.event.MouseMotionListener;
+import java.awt.event.MouseWheelEvent;
+import java.awt.event.MouseWheelListener;
+
+/**
+ * Organizes mouse & keyboard inputs and ensures that every subclass has
+ * initialize, tick, render, and input methods. 
+ * 
+ * @author Justin C
+ */
+public abstract class Controller
+    implements KeyListener, MouseMotionListener, MouseWheelListener, MouseListener
+{
+  /**
+   * The Virtual Keyboard key that was most recently interacted with.
+   */
+  public int keyCode;
+
+  /**
+   * (xM, yM) corresponds to the coordinates of the mouse.
+   */
+  public int xM, yM;
+
+  /**
+   * The number of times that the mouse has clicked. The interval that must pass
+   * before this number resets to 0 depends on the system.
+   */
+  public int clicks;
+
+  /**
+   * The mouse button that was most recently interacted with.
+   * (1 = left mouse button, 2 = scroll wheel button, 3 = right mouse button)
+   */
+  public int button;
+
+  /**
+   * Is -1 or 1, depending on the direction of the most recent wheel rotation.
+   * The action that constitutes rotating the mouse wheel "up" or "down" depends
+   * on the system.
+   */
+  public int wheel;
+
+  public abstract void initialize();
+
+  public abstract void tick(long frameCount);
+
+  public abstract void render(Graphics g, long frameCount);
+
+  public abstract void keyPressed();
+
+  public abstract void keyTyped();
+
+  public abstract void keyReleased();
+
+  public abstract void wheelInput();
+
+  /**
+   * Manages all mouse input, subdivided into 7 events by the eventDescription.
+   * 
+   * @param eventDescription
+   * Is -3 when the mouse enters a window. Is 3 when the mouse exits a window.
+   * Is -2 when the mouse is moved. Is 2 when the mouse is dragged. Is -1 when
+   * the mouse is pressed. Is 1 when the mouse is released. Is 0 when the mouse
+   * is pressed and released.
+   */
+  public abstract void mouseInput(int eventDescription);
+
+  /**
+   * Detects if the mouse is within the rectangle that has a top-left corner of
+   * (x, y) and dimensions (w, h).
+   */
+  public boolean mouseOver(int x, int y, int w, int h)
+  {
+    return xM > x && xM < x + w && yM > y && yM < y + h;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * All subsequent methods take a KeyEvent, MouseWheelEvent, or MouseEvent as a
+   * parameter. The event's traits are used to adjust the fields of this class
+   * accordingly and call the abstract method associated with the event.
+   */
+  public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
+  {
+    keyCode = e.getKeyCode();
+    keyPressed();
+  }
+
+  public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
+  {
+    keyCode = e.getKeyCode();
+    keyTyped();
+  }
+
+  public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
+  {
+    keyCode = e.getKeyCode();
+    keyReleased();
+  }
+
+  public void mouseWheelMoved(MouseWheelEvent e)
+  {
+    wheel = e.getWheelRotation();
+    wheelInput();
+  }
+
+  public void setMouseValues(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    xM = e.getX();
+    yM = e.getY();
+    button = e.getButton();
+    clicks = e.getClickCount();
+  }
+
+  public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(-3);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(3);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(-2);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(2);
+  }
+
+  public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(-1);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(1);
+  }
+
+  public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
+  {
+    setMouseValues(e);
+    mouseInput(0);
+  }
+}