🤖 LangGraph Multi-Agent Swarm

A Python library for creating swarm-style multi-agent systems using LangGraph. A swarm is a type of multi-agent architecture where agents dynamically hand off control to one another based on their specializations. The system remembers which agent was last active, ensuring that on subsequent interactions, the conversation resumes with that agent.

Features

• 🤖 Multi-agent collaboration - Enable specialized agents to work together and hand off context to each other
• 🛠️ Customizable handoff tools - Built-in tools for communication between agents

This library is built on top of LangGraph, a powerful framework for building agent applications, and comes with out-of-box support for streaming, short-term and long-term memory and human-in-the-loop

Installation

pip install langgraph-swarm

Quickstart

pip install langgraph-swarm langchain-openai

export OPENAI_API_KEY=<your_api_key>

from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
from langgraph_swarm import create_handoff_tool, create_swarm

model = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o")

def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Add two numbers"""
    return a + b

alice = create_react_agent(
    model,
    [add, create_handoff_tool(agent_name="Bob")],
    prompt="You are Alice, an addition expert.",
    name="Alice",
)

bob = create_react_agent(
    model,
    [create_handoff_tool(agent_name="Alice", description="Transfer to Alice, she can help with math")],
    prompt="You are Bob, you speak like a pirate.",
    name="Bob",
)

checkpointer = InMemorySaver()
workflow = create_swarm(
    [alice, bob],
    default_active_agent="Alice"
)
app = workflow.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}
turn_1 = app.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "i'd like to speak to Bob"}]},
    config,
)
print(turn_1)
turn_2 = app.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "what's 5 + 7?"}]},
    config,
)
print(turn_2)

Memory

You can add short-term and long-term memory to your swarm multi-agent system. Since create_swarm() returns an instance of StateGraph that needs to be compiled before use, you can directly pass a checkpointer or a store instance to the .compile() method:

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore

# short-term memory
checkpointer = InMemorySaver()
# long-term memory
store = InMemoryStore()

model = ...
alice = ...
bob = ...

workflow = create_swarm(
    [alice, bob],
    default_active_agent="Alice"
)

# Compile with checkpointer/store
app = workflow.compile(
    checkpointer=checkpointer,
    store=store
)

Important

Adding short-term memory is crucial for maintaining conversation state across multiple interactions. Without it, the swarm would "forget" which agent was last active and lose the conversation history. Make sure to always compile the swarm with a checkpointer if you plan to use it in multi-turn conversations; e.g., workflow.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer).

How to customize

You can customize multi-agent swarm by changing either the handoff tools implementation or the agent implementation.

Customizing handoff tools

By default, the agents in the swarm are assumed to use handoff tools created with the prebuilt create_handoff_tool. You can also create your own, custom handoff tools. Here are some ideas on how you can modify the default implementation:

• change tool name and/or description
• add tool call arguments for the LLM to populate, for example a task description for the next agent
• change what data is passed to the next agent as part of the handoff: by default create_handoff_tool passes full message history (all of the messages generated in the swarm up to this point), as well as the contents of Command.update to the next agent

Important

If you want to change what messages are passed to the next agent, you must use a different state schema key for messages in your agent implementation (e.g., alice_messages). By default, all agent (subgraph) state updates are applied to the swarm (parent) graph state during the handoff. Since all of the agents by default are assumed to communicate over a single messages key, this means that the agent's messages are automatically combined into the parent graph's messages, unless an agent uses a different key for messages. See more on this in the customizing agent implementation section.

Here is an example of what a custom handoff tool might look like:

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_core.tools import tool, BaseTool, InjectedToolCallId
from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
from langgraph.types import Command
from langgraph.prebuilt import InjectedState

def create_custom_handoff_tool(*, agent_name: str, tool_name: str, tool_description: str) -> BaseTool:

    @tool(name=tool_name, description=tool_description)
    def handoff_to_agent(
        # you can add additional tool call arguments for the LLM to populate
        # for example, you can ask the LLM to populate a task description for the next agent
        task_description: Annotated[str, "Detailed description of what the next agent should do, including all of the relevant context."],
        # you can inject the state of the agent that is calling the tool
        state: Annotated[dict, InjectedState],
        tool_call_id: Annotated[str, InjectedToolCallId],
    ):
        tool_message = ToolMessage(
            content=f"Successfully transferred to {agent_name}",
            name=tool_name,
            tool_call_id=tool_call_id,
        )
        # you can use a different messages state key here, if your agent uses a different schema
        # e.g., "alice_messages" instead of "messages"
        last_agent_message = state["messages"][-1]
        # if the tool schema includes task description that LLM generates,
        # you can extract it from the last tool call argument and pass it on to the next agent
        task_description = last_agent_message.tool_calls[0]["args"]["task_description"]
        return Command(
            goto=agent_name,
            graph=Command.PARENT,
            # NOTE: this is a state update that will be applied to the swarm multi-agent graph (i.e., the PARENT graph)
            update={
                "messages": [last_agent_message, tool_message],
                "active_agent": agent_name,
                # optionally pass the task description to the next agent
                "task_description": task_description,
            },
        )

    return handoff_to_agent

Important

If you are implementing custom handoff tools that return Command, you need to ensure that:
(1) your agent has a tool-calling node that can handle tools returning Command (like LangGraph's prebuilt ToolNode)
(2) both the swarm graph and the next agent graph have the state schema containing the keys you want to update in Command.update

Customizing agent implementation

By default, individual agents are expected to communicate over a single messages key that is shared by all agents and the overall multi-agent swarm graph. This means that all of the messages from all of the agents will be combined into a single, shared list of messages. This might not be desirable if you don't want to expose an agent's internal history of messages. To change this, you can customize the agent by taking the following steps:

1. use custom state schema with a different key for messages, for example alice_messages
2. write a wrapper that converts the parent graph state to the child agent state and back (see this how-to guide)

from typing_extensions import TypedDict, Annotated

from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, add_messages
from langgraph_swarm import SwarmState

class AliceState(TypedDict):
    alice_messages: Annotated[list[AnyMessage], add_messages]

# see this guide to learn how you can implement a custom tool-calling agent
# https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/how-tos/react-agent-from-scratch/
alice = (
    StateGraph(AliceState)
    .add_node("model", ...)
    .add_node("tools", ...)
    .add_edge(...)
    ...
    .compile()
)

# wrapper calling the agent
def call_alice(state: SwarmState):
    # you can put any input transformation from parent state -> agent state
    # for example, you can invoke "alice" with "task_description" populated by the LLM
    response = alice.invoke({"alice_messages": state["messages"]})
    # you can put any output transformation from agent state -> parent state
    return {"messages": response["alice_messages"]}

def call_bob(state: SwarmState):
    ...

Then, you can create the swarm manually in the following way:

from langgraph_swarm import add_active_agent_router

workflow = (
    StateGraph(SwarmState)
    .add_node("Alice", call_alice, destinations=("Bob",))
    .add_node("Bob", call_bob, destinations=("Alice",))
)
# this is the router that enables us to keep track of the last active agent
workflow = add_active_agent_router(
    builder=workflow,
    route_to=["Alice", "Bob"],
    default_active_agent="Alice",
)

# compile the workflow
app = workflow.compile()