DM-46259: Prevent confusing error when deriving dataId from bad exposure/detector combination

[timj]

• Use new query system in direct butler for dimension records.
• When querying for a detector, say, do not include the exposure in the query (if the exposure is bad the detector query will fail with a confusing error message).
• Improve some other error messages if you have "detector=16, raft='0'" and the raft is inconsistent with the detector or the detector is not known at all.

Checklist

• ran Jenkins
• added a release note for user-visible changes to doc/changes
• (if changing dimensions.yaml) make a copy of dimensions.yaml in configs/old_dimensions

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 89.68%. Comparing base (e212280) to head (8f1cede).
Report is 4 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...on/lsst/daf/butler/direct_butler/_direct_butler.py	80.00%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1092   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   89.67%   89.68%           
=======================================
  Files         361      361           
  Lines       47306    47308    +2     
  Branches     9720     9722    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits        42424    42429    +5     
+ Misses       3504     3502    -2     
+ Partials     1378     1377    -1     

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[andy-slac]

Looks great, a couple of minor questions.