CI: Add Ubuntu 24.04

[RytoEX]

Description

CI: Add Ubuntu 24.04

Add a job matrix for the Ubuntu Build so that we can test builds on both Ubuntu 22.04 and 24.04.

Motivation and Context

Want to make sure that OBS builds on 24.04 (at least on GitHub Actions runners).

Known caveat is that the GitHub Action image does have some newer software than a normal install of Ubuntu 24.04 (usually, GitHub's CMake is newer).

This PR does not update all CI jobs/actions to use Ubuntu 24.04, as that image is still in beta.

This PR changes the sources package to use the sources created in the Ubuntu 24.04 job just so we don't have to remember to fix that whenever we remove the 22.04 job. I checked sources packages between 22.04 and 24.04 and they were identical.

How Has This Been Tested?

Tested with a few runs on my fork. May be helpful to manually clear the old cache variables before merging, but shouldn't be necessary as I've changed the restore keys.

Types of changes

• Tweak (non-breaking change to improve existing functionality)

Checklist:

• My code has been run through clang-format.
• I have read the contributing document.
• My code is not on the master branch.
• The code has been tested.
• All commit messages are properly formatted and commits squashed where appropriate.
• I have included updates to all appropriate documentation.