fix: Resolve multiple SQL JOIN issues

[alexander-beedie]

Both coalesce-related blockers issue (#16515 and #16554) now resolved ✌️
(Thanks @nameexhaustion!)

---

Closes #11927.
Closes #13618.
Closes #14217.
Closes #15663.
Closes #15929.

(Confirmed it also fixes #16255 and pola-rs/polars-cli#52).

Updates

• Introduces a more robust method of tracking aliased columns through joins so that we can correctly resolve them on any follow-up projection/constraint ops.
• Adds lots of extra test coverage for SQL joins, representing all of the closed issues.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 81.48%. Comparing base (0eb8384) to head (fc0278d).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

❗ Current head fc0278d differs from pull request most recent head 4c026be

Please upload reports for the commit 4c026be to get more accurate results.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #16507      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.49%   81.48%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1414     1412       -2     
  Lines      185561   185524      -37     
  Branches     2997     2996       -1     
==========================================
- Hits       151219   151165      -54     
- Misses      33826    33843      +17     
  Partials      516      516              

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[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #16507 will not alter performance

_{Comparing alexander-beedie:sql-fix-join-column-select (4c026be) with main (0eb8384)}

Summary

✅ 37 untouched benchmarks

[ritchie46]

Now that's a lot of fixes!