build: Update Rust toolchain to nightly-2024-07-26

[stinodego]

Only a few minor updates.

Also updated Cargo.lock.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 87.50000% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 80.51%. Comparing base (43bf944) to head (50c3dcd).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-core/src/frame/row/av_buffer.rs	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-json/src/json/write/mod.rs	66.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17891      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   80.56%   80.51%   -0.06%     
==========================================
  Files        1496     1491       -5     
  Lines      197014   196389     -625     
  Branches     2813     2813              
==========================================
- Hits       158725   158116     -609     
+ Misses      37768    37752      -16     
  Partials      521      521              

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