Lab 4. Book Manager & Ruby

Objectives:

Learn how to setup rails models and relationships
Sharpen db skills using the rails db console with a sqlite database
Learn the basics of Ruby programming
Learn how to use coditional structures and loops in Ruby

Due Date:

February 08, 2024 by the end of the lab session :)

Important Note

In this lab, you have a total of 3 checkpoints to validate with one of the teaching team members during the lab session.

Checkpoints will be graded as follows:

Checkpoint 1: 35 points
Checkpoint 2: 20 points
Checkpoint 3: 20 points
Checkpoint 4: 15 points

Part 1: Rails Models

Clone the starter code for the BookManager application using the following command:
```
 git clone https://github.com/S24-67272Qatar/Lab4-<your git username>.git
```

This will create a Rails app folder named Lab5-

Switch directories (cd) into this Rails app from the terminal
Run bundle install to install all the gems required. Then run rails g simple_form:install to install simple_form, a gem that we will need later.
Create the following three models from the command line using the command:
```
 rails generate model <ModelName> <attribute>:<data type>
```

Below are the details of each model:

Publisher

name (string)

Book

title (string)
year_published (integer)
publisher_id (integer) (a foreign key to the Publisher)

Author

first_name (string)
last_name (string)

We don't need a full set of views or a controller, only the models are needed here, so using a model generator is sufficient in this case.

Create an additional model called BookAuthor using the rails generate model command. The attributes of this model are book_id (integer) and author_id (integer).

After creating these models, migrate the database and save all this generated code to git.

Create and switch to a new branch in git called "models". Open the Book model in your editor and add the following three relationships to that model:

belongs_to :publisher                     
has_many :book_authors
has_many :authors, through: :book_authors

Add the following scope that will put the books in alphabetical order. You can do this easily with Copilot with the following comment:

```ruby
# scope that returns books in alphabetical order
```

or write it on your own.

Finally, add this scope:

  scope :last_decade, ->{where('year_published>?', 2011)}
 ```
 
Commit your code to Git.


5. Go to the Publisher model and add the following relationship and scope:

```ruby
has_many :books 
scope :alphabetical, -> { order('name') }

Go to the Author model and add the following relationship and scope:

has_many :book_authors
has_many :books, through: :book_authors

In addition, add the following scopes and methods:

 scope :alphabetical, ->{order('last_name, first_name')}
 
 def name
 "#{last_name}, #{first_name}" # this is a concatenation of both variable values using string interpolation
 end

Go to the BookAuthor model and add the following relationship:

belongs_to :book
belongs_to :author

Once the model code is complete, start the rails console (rails console), be sure it is running and that there are no typos (common error) in your code by going through the following steps:

Start the rails console (rails console or rails c)
Enable Hirb using: Hirb.enable

Hirb is a ruby gem that is provided to us that allows us to read queries in a much cleaner manner. Without it, a query can get so messy.

Populate all the tables with some examples (think of using the create method)
Test the relationships (make sure you are able to access information between tables using the special relationship methods)
Test all the scopes as well as the special method name.
Test the following methods on Books: find, find_by, and where. What is the differences between them. Check the class of the result returned by each of the methods.
If it's all good:

a. commit these changes to your git repo. Make sure you have no untracked files using git status. Then, merge these changes into the main branch. Reminder, that should look like git checkout main to get back to the main branch and git merge models to incorporate your most recent updates.

b. To push your code to your private repository, you should first have your git remote url added using git remote add origin 'https://github.com/S24-67272Qatar/lab4-<your git username>.git'

c. Finally run git push -u origin main

Checkpoint 1: Show a CA that you have the basic Rails app set up and working. Also show the CA all the models operations on rails console and that you have properly saved the code to git.

Part 2: Rails db

We'll begin by adding some more publishers directly into the database using the command line. The easiest way to insert new data is by opening a new command line tab in the same directory and running rails db. Then paste the publishers_sql and authors_sql codes given below so that we have multiple publishers and authors to choose from (and sharpen our db skills slightly).

-- SQL for authors
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (1, 'Sam', 'Ruby', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (2, 'Dave', 'Thomas', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (3, 'Hal', 'Fulton', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (4, 'Robert', 'Hoekman', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (5, 'David', 'Hannson', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (6, 'Dante', 'Alighieri', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (7, 'William', 'Shakespeare', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "authors" VALUES (8, 'Jane', 'Austen', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');

-- SQL for publishers
INSERT INTO "publishers" VALUES (1, 'Pragmatic Bookshelf', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "publishers" VALUES (2, 'Washington Square Press', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "publishers" VALUES (3, 'Addison Wesley', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "publishers" VALUES (4, 'Everyman Library', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');
INSERT INTO "publishers" VALUES (5, 'New Riders', '2015-02-09 12:00:00', '2014-02-10 12:00:00');

**Note**: You can at all times drop the whole database by running `rails db:drop` and re-create it again just by running `rails db:migrate`. When the database is dropped, the migration files do not get deleted. Hence, you can simply re-create the database and its tables by executing the migration again.

Make sure you push all the changes to your GitHUb repository.

Checkpoint 2: Show a CA that you could add the examples of authors and publishers to the database.

Part 3: Ruby Introduction and Conditionals

This part of the lab will get everyone familiar with some Ruby basics and provides a review of other key concepts.

We are going to begin by writing a simple program for Ruby to convert temperatures and then modify it several times.

a. First, Connect to the VMWare and open Visual Studio Code. Please review the steps provided to you in lab1, if needed.

b. Open a new terminal (Terminal --> New Terminal). Then in this terminal, create a new folder named lab4 (mkdir lab4) then go in this new folder (cd lab4), where you will save all your ruby files for this lab.

b. Now create a new file called temp_conversions.rb. In VS Code, just use File --> new File. Then save the file as a Ruby file. Do not forget to indicate the .rb extension.

c. In this file, create a method called convert that takes temp as a parameter (temperature in Fahrenheit) and converts it to its equivalent in Celsius. Check this link to get the Fahrenheit to Celsius formula.

d. Create some simple tests for this method with the code below:
```
  puts convert(32)          
  puts convert(50)          
  puts convert(212)
```
e. Run this code from the command line using the following command:
```
 ruby temp_conversions.rb
```
f. Once this is running, set up a git repository and add this file to it (Please do not spend much time on this, make sure you ask a teaching member if you don't remember how to do this from the previous labs).
Add the test puts convert("zero") to the tests and rerun the code normally. Why did you get an error?

a. To correct this, we will limit all temperatures to integers by adding a line before the calculation in our method:

return "Temperature must be an integer" unless temp.class == Integer

Rerun these tests after adding this line.  If the tests pass, add the revision to the git repository.

The Ruby unless statement xecutes code if the condition is false. If the condition is true, the code specified in the else clause is executed. unless is the logical opposite of if.

b. Ruby offers also conditional structures that are pretty common to modern languages. Let's check how we could solve the same using an if statement.

	return "Temperature must be an integer" if temp.class != Integer

Note: Notice that if we want to return before the end of method, we need to use the return keyword, but if the method runs its course, the last value is automatically returned by the method. Finally, notice the use of the inline If (where the the condition is placed at the end of the line).

Add the test puts convert(-500) to the tests and rerun. Of course, remembering your basic physics leaves you distressed at this point because you know this answer is in error – Absolute Zero is at –474 degrees Fahrenheit or -270 degrees Celsius, making this result impossible. To make sure our program doesn't give silly answers, we will add another line after the last correction (and before the calculation):

return "Temperature below Absolute Zero" if temp < -474

Rerun the tests; assuming they pass, save the revision to the git repository. We call this an inline if. It is usually used in this format <code if condition> and used when only one condition is to be tested. It executes code if the condition is true.

Of course, we have only half the temperature conversion problem – converting Fahrenheit to Celsius – and have no capability to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit. Create a new branch in git called exp and switch to it. Now in your code, add another argument called measure and using an if ... else ... end construct, correct the code so that either a Fahrenheit or Celsius temperature is converted. Set up the measure argument so its default value is "F". Add the test below:

puts convert(0, "C")
puts convert(10, "C")
puts convert(100, "C")
puts convert(-280, "C")

Rerun the code; if all tests pass, save to the repository.

Looking at the results, we see that the code is still problematic: we get a result for –280 oC even though we know that value is below Absolute Zero. There are a number of ways to correct this, but for learning purposes here, we are going to create a new method called below_absolute_zero? which has two arguments: temp and measure. This method will simply return a boolean of true if the temperature for the measurement system is below the critical value; this is why this method will end in a question mark. Create the basic structure for this method now.

def below_absolute_zero?(temp, measure)
  	# your code goes here
end

Back to the code: go to the convert method and change the if statement for the Absolute Zero condition so that it references this new method rather than the simple statement of temp < -474. Rerun the code and make sure that everything is working properly. If so, save this code to the git repository. Checkout the master branch, and then merge the exp branch onto the master branch.
More on Conditionals:

Create a new Ruby file named conditionals.rb
When only one condition is to be tested, we use the if modifier as in the following example. Copy this code and paste it in conditionals.rb. Then run it using ruby conditionals.rb.

age=35
if age < 105
	puts "don't worry, you are still young!"
end

Note: The conditional testing happens within a block that starts with if and finishes with end. The end is mandatory.

The if/elsif/else/end conditional structure: copy the code below and run it.

 x = 1
 if x > 2
    puts "x is greater than 2"
 elsif x <= 2 and x!=0
    puts "x is 1"
 else
    puts "I can't guess the number"
 end

Notice that Ruby uses elsif, not else if nor elif.

Checkpoint 3. Show a CA/TA that you have completed the first part by testing the convert and below_absolute_zero? and showing her/him that they work fine. Also, make sure you show her/him the history of your git activity.

Part 4: Ruby Loops

Looping in programming languages is a feature which clears the way for the execution of a set of instructions or functions repeatedly when some of the condition evaluates to true or false. Ruby provides the different types of loop to handle the condition based situation in the program to make the programmers task simpler.

Create a new Ruby file named loops.rb and add to it all the Ruby codes given in the next questions of this part (2 to 9).
Looping with for
```
 for variable_name in expression  
 
      # # code to be executed
 end
```
In a for loop, the expression could be a range, an array, keys in a hash.

a. Using an array:

Add the following lines in loops.rb and test it.
```
 	array = [10, 91, 2, 333, 4, 5]
 	for elem in array
 	     puts elem
 	end
 	
 	array2 = ["hi", "you", "ruby", "programming"]
 	for elem in array2
 		puts elem
 	end
```
b. Using Range - In Ruby, 1..5 is an object of type Range - Ruby creates sequences using the ".."" range operator. - A Sequence has a start point, an end point and way to produce successive values. - 1..5 generates the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
```
 	for i in 1..5 
 	     puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
 	     puts array[i]
 	end
```
Looping with while

The syntax of While loops is similar to Python with a small difference: the end at the end of the loop is mandatory

	index=0
	while index<array.length
	     puts "Value of current element is #{array[index]}"
	     index+=1
	end

Another example

	n = 0
	while n < 4
	  puts n
	  n += 1
	end

Looping with the times method in Ruby

This is the easiest loop you can work with.

a. Try the following Ruby code:

	30.times {puts "I will not throw paper airplanes"}

This code prints the message "I will not throw paper airplanes" 30 times.

b. But what if we want the iterator (iterative index)? We can do this using the iterator offered in times.

75.times { |i| puts "hello #{i}" }

times is a Ruby built-in method that takes a block (a block of code with a set of instructions as an 'argument'). We will discuss blocks more in details in the next lecture.

Lopping with the each Ruby method

The each Ruby method allows you to go over a list of items, without having to keep track of the number of iterations, or having to increase some kind of counter. We tell the each method what to do with every item by using a block.

The general syntax of each is as follows:

	(expression).each do |element| 
	     your instructions here 
	end

We can use the each method to iterate over the individual items in an range (a sequence). Read the code below and test it.

 (1..4).each do |element|
      puts "The Value of the local variable element is #{element}"
      element=element/20
      puts element
      if element%2==0
           puts "the element is even!"
      end
 end

And this is equivalent to

	range= 1..4
	range.each do |element|
	    puts "The Value of the local variable element is #{element}"
	end

We can use each to iterate over the elements of an array

 # Array of integers
 [1, 2, 3, 4].each do |element|
      puts "The Value of the local variable i is #{element*65}"
 end
 
 # Array of strings
 string_array=["a", "b","c", "d"]
 string_array.each do |item|
      puts "The value of i is #{item.upcase}"
 end

When one instuction is included in the block, we can write it as follows
```
 string_array.each {|item| puts "The current array item is #{item}"}
```
We can also manipulate items inside of an each block, unless we reassign the new value to the item in the array, the following code will leave the original array unchanged
```
 array = [100, 11, 25, 36, 47, 5]
 array.each do |item|
   item = item + 2
   puts "The current item + 2 is #{item}."
 end
```

Note: More on loops: https://www.rubyguides.com/ruby-tutorial/loops/

Checkpoint 4. Show a CA/TA that you completed this part successfully!

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 13 Commits
app		app
bin		bin
config		config
db		db
lab4		lab4
lib		lib
log		log
public		public
storage		storage
test		test
tmp		tmp
vendor		vendor
Gemfile		Gemfile
Gemfile.lock		Gemfile.lock
README.md		README.md
Rakefile		Rakefile
config.ru		config.ru
modifiers.png		modifiers.png
package.json		package.json

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Lab 4. Book Manager & Ruby

Objectives:

Due Date:

Important Note

Part 1: Rails Models

Publisher

Book

Author

Part 2: Rails db

Part 3: Ruby Introduction and Conditionals

Part 4: Ruby Loops

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Lab 4. Book Manager & Ruby

Objectives:

Due Date:

Important Note

Part 1: Rails Models

Publisher

Book

Author

Part 2: Rails db

Part 3: Ruby Introduction and Conditionals

Part 4: Ruby Loops

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