Add English Grammar Today

docs/egt/_category_.json

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+{
+    "label": "English Grammar Today",
+    "position": 2,
+    "link": {
+        "type": "generated-index"
+    }
+}

docs/egt/adjectives-and-adverbs/_category_.json

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+{
+    "label": "Adjectives and adverbs",
+    "position": 2,
+    "link": {
+        "type": "generated-index"
+    }
+}

docs/egt/adjectives-and-adverbs/adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/1-Adjectives.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+# Adjectives
+
+Adjectives are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and adverbs. Examples of adjectives are: *big, small, blue, old, rich* and *nice*. They give us more information about people, animals or things represented by nouns and pronouns:
+
+- *That’s a **big** house.*
+- *Look at the **grey** horse.*
+- *Some dogs have **long** tails.*
+- *She is **tall**.*
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Nouns
+- Pronouns
+
+:::
+
+## Meanings of adjectives
+
+Adjectives give us more information. They modify or describe features and qualities of people, animals and things.
+
+Here are some of the common meanings.
+
+| Examples                                                                                                                                                                            | Meaning                                                                                                                       |
+|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| - *I am **fond** of ice cream.*<br/>- *Cairo is **different** from Alexandria.*<br/>- *His car is **similar** to mine.*<br/>Other examples: *keen (on), near (to), aware (of)* | Relations between people and things. These adjectives usually require a word or phrase (complement) to complete their meaning.|
+| - *He’s **generous**.*<br/>- *She’s a **kind** woman.*<br/>- *The waiter was very **polite**.*<br/>Other examples: *talkative, cruel, cooperative, helpful, useful*           | Descriptions of people and things in terms of their actions.                                                                  |
+| - *That’s an **old** house.*<br/>- *The Olympic stadium is **big**.*<br/>Other examples: *tall, old, good, rough, true, ugly, red, heavy*                                       | Features that will last a long time or will not change (permanent).                                                           |
+| - *Anyone **hungry**? Lunch is nearly ready.*<br/>- *It’s so **cold** in Nick’s house.*<br/>Other examples: *absent, ill, dry, full, lonely, wet, hot, thirsty, angry*           | States and conditions that can change.                                                                                        |
+| - *I saw a great **French** film last night.*<br/>- *I don’t like **modern** paintings.*<br/>- *I live in a **detached** house.*<br/>Other examples: *organic (vegetables), impressionist (painter), wild (salmon)* | Classifying people and things into types.                                                                                     |
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Adjective phrases
+
+:::
+
+## Oppositeness
+
+Most common adjectives are members of a pair of opposites (antonyms):
+
+| Word       | Antonym |
+|------------|---------|
+| *beautiful*| *ugly*  |
+| *dead*     | *alive* |
+| *happy*    | *sad*   |
+| *rough*    | *smooth*|
+| *big*      | *small* |
+| *dry*      | *wet*   |
+| *heavy*    | *light* |
+| *tall*     | *short* |
+| *cold*     | *hot*   |
+| *good*     | *bad*   |
+
+## Gradable and ungradable
+
+Many pairs of opposites are gradable, i.e. they have different degrees of the same feature:
+
+- *Small*:
+  - *This suitcase is **extremely small**.*
+  - *This suitcase is **very small**.*
+  - *This suitcase is **quite small**.*
+
+- *Hot*:
+  - *It was **reasonably hot** in Italy this summer.*
+  - *It was **quite hot** in Italy this summer.*
+  - *It was **pretty hot** in Italy this summer.*
+  - *It was **very hot** in Italy this summer.*
+  - *It was **extremely hot** in Italy this summer.*
+
+One type of adjective is not gradable. These are the adjectives that we use to classify people and things into types:
+
+:::warning
+
+- *These vegetables are **organic**.*
+- Not: *~~These vegetables are very organic.~~*
+- *I like salmon especially when it is **wild**.*
+- Not: *~~I like salmon especially when it is quite wild.~~*
+
+:::
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Adjective phrases
+- Gradable opposites (antonyms)
+
+:::

docs/egt/adjectives-and-adverbs/adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/2-Adjectivesforms.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+# Adjectives: forms
+
+Unlike in many other languages, adjectives in English do not change (agree) with the noun that they modify:
+
+- *All new **foreign students** are welcome to join the clubs and societies.*
+- Not: *~~All new foreigns students~~* …
+- *Every room was painted in **different colours**.*
+- Not: … ~~in differents colours~~.
+
+## Identifying adjectives
+
+There is no general rule for making adjectives. We know they are adjectives usually by what they do (their function) in a sentence. However, some word endings (suffixes) are typical of adjectives.
+
+| Suffix                      | Examples                                                                                   |
+|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| *-able*, *-ible*            | *comfortable, readable, incredible, invisible*                                             |
+| *-al*, *-ial*               | *comical, normal, musical, industrial, presidential*                                        |
+| *-ful*                      | *beautiful, harmful, peaceful, wonderful*                                                  |
+| *-ic*                       | *classic, economic, heroic, romantic*                                                      |
+| *-ical*                     | *aeronautical, alphabetical, political*                                                    |
+| *-ish*                      | *British, childish, Irish, foolish*                                                        |
+| *-ive*, *-ative*            | *active, alternative, creative, talkative*                                                 |
+| *-less*                     | *endless, motionless, priceless, timeless*                                                 |
+| *-eous*, *-ious*, *-ous*    | *spontaneous, hideous, ambitious, anxious, dangerous, famous*                             |
+| *-y*                        | *angry, busy, wealthy, windy*                                                              |
+
+:::warning
+
+Adjectives ending in *\-ic* and *\-ical* often have different meanings:
+
+- *The **economic** policy of this government has failed.*
+- *A diesel car is usually more **economical** than a petrol one.*
+
+:::
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Adjectives
+- *Classic* or *classical*?
+- *Economic* or *economical*?
+- *Historic* or *historical*?
+
+:::
+
+## Forming adjectives from other words
+
+### Suffixes
+
+Some adjectives are made from nouns and verbs by adding suffixes.
+
+| Noun      | Adjective     |
+|-----------|---------------|
+| *hero*    | *hero****ic*** |
+| *wind*    | *wind****y***  |
+| *child*   | *child****ish*** |
+| *beauty*  | *beauti****ful*** |
+
+| Verb      | Adjective       |
+|-----------|-----------------|
+| *read*    | *read****able***  |
+| *talk*    | *talkat****ive*** |
+| *use*     | *use****ful***    |
+| *like*    | *like****able***  |
+
+- *I hate **windy** days.*
+- *San Francisco is a very **hilly** place.*
+
+Some words ending in *\-ly* can be both adjectives and adverbs. These include *daily*, *early*, *monthly*, *weekly*, *nightly*, *yearly*:
+
+- *Adjective: She gets a **weekly** payment from her parents.* (She gets money every week.)
+- *Adverb: I pay my rent **weekly**.* (I pay my rent every week.)
+
+Some words ending in -*ly* are only adjectives and not adverbs. These include: *costly*, *cowardly*, *deadly*, *friendly*, *likely*, *lonely*, *lovely*, *oily*, *orderly*, *scholarly*, *silly*, *smelly*, *timely*, *ugly*, *woolly*.
+
+- *We enjoyed the trip to America but it was a **costly** holiday.*
+- ***Oily*** *fish is very healthy because it contains omega 3.*
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Word formation
+- Adverbs
+- Prefixes
+- Suffixes
+
+:::
+
+### Prefixes
+
+Prefixes such as *un-, in-, im-*, *il-* and *ir-* change the meaning of adjectives. Adding these prefixes makes the meaning negative:
+
+| un-               | in-                           | ir-                               | im-                       | il-                   |
+|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|
+| *fair – unfair*   | *active – inactive*           | *responsible – irresponsible*     | *balance – imbalance*     | *legal – illegal*     |
+| *happy – unhappy* | *appropriate – inappropriate* | *regular – irregular*             | *polite – impolite*       | *legible – illegible* |
+| *sure – unsure*   | *complete – incomplete*       | *reducible – irreducible*         | *possible – impossible*   | *logical – illogical* |
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Prefixes
+- Suffixes
+
+:::
+
+## Adjectives: comparative and superlative
+
+Many one-syllable adjectives have endings to show the comparative and superlative.
+
+| Base Form     | Comparative      | Superlative      |
+|---------------|------------------|------------------|
+| *fine*        | *fin****er***   | *fin****est***  |
+| *young*       | *young****er*** | *young****est***|
+| *small*       | *small****er*** | *small****est***|
+
+Some two-syllable adjectives which end in an unstressed syllable also have these endings.
+
+| Base Form     | Comparative      | Superlative      |
+|---------------|------------------|------------------|
+| *easy*        | *eas****ier***  | *eas****iest*** |
+| *funny*       | *funn****ier*** | *funn****iest***|
+| *gentle*      | *gentl****er*** | *gentl****est***|
+
+However, we do not use these endings with two-syllable adjectives ending in a stressed syllable nor with longer adjectives with more than two syllables. The comparatives and superlatives of these adjectives are formed using *more* and *most*.
+
+| Base Form        | Comparative                             | Superlative                                |
+|------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
+| *complete*       | ***more*** *complete*<br/>Not: *~~completer~~ | ***most*** *complete*<br/>Not: ~~completest~~*|
+| *interesting*    | ***more*** *interesting*<br/>Not: *~~interestinger~~ | ***most*** *interesting*<br/>Not: ~~interestingest~~*|
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Comparative and superlative adjectives
+
+:::
+
+## Adjectives: with -ing and -ed (interesting, interested)
+
+We use the -*ing* and -*ed* forms of regular and irregular verbs as adjectives:
+
+### \-ing forms
+
+| Verb       | Example                                                     |
+|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+| *annoy*    | *My brother is five and he’s so **annoying**.*              |
+| *amaze*    | *The Grand Canyon is an **amazing** place.*                 |
+| *boil*     | *Be careful! That’s **boiling** water!*                     |
+| *excite*   | *This film is not very **exciting**, is it?*                |
+
+### \-ed forms
+
+| Verb       | Example                                                     |
+|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+| *bore*     | *Why do teenagers always look **bored**?*                   |
+| *pack*     | *James Bond movies are always **action-packed**.*           |
+| *smoke*    | *Not everyone likes **smoked** salmon.*                     |
+| *make*     | *My dress is **hand-made**. I really like it.*              |
+| *teach*    | *My Master’s degree was a **taught** course.*               |
+| *excite*   | *I feel **excited** about my new job.*                      |
+
+Adjectives with -*ing* and -*ed* endings have different meanings.
+
+| -**_ing_** adjectives describe the effect           | **_-ed_** adjectives describe how a person feels                  |
+|-----------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| *The meeting was very **boring**.* <br/> *That was an **exciting** game.* <br/> *It was **shocking** to see what the storm had done to the house.* | *I felt **bored** at the meeting.* <br/> *We were really **excited** about the game.* <br/> *We were **shocked** to see what the storm had done to the house.* |
+
+
+:::warning
+
+Commonly confused pairs of adjectives ending in -*ing* and -*ed* are: *interesting*, *interested*; *boring*, *bored*; *exciting*, *excited*; *embarrassing*, *embarrassed*.
+
+:::

docs/egt/adjectives-and-adverbs/adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/3-Adjectivesorder.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+# Adjectives: order
+
+## Order of adjectives
+
+When more than one adjective comes before a noun, the adjectives are normally in a particular order. Adjectives which describe opinions or attitudes (e.g. *amazing*) usually come first, before more neutral, factual ones (e.g. *red*):
+
+- *She was wearing an **amazing red** coat.*
+- Not: … ~~red amazing coat~~
+
+If we don’t want to emphasise any one of the adjectives, the most usual sequence of adjectives is:
+
+<table><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>order</td><td>relating to</td><td>examples</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>1</td><td>opinion</td><td><i>unusual, lovely, beautiful</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>2</td><td>size</td><td><i>big, small, tall</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>3</td><td>physical quality</td><td><i>thin, rough, untidy</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>4</td><td>shape</td><td><i>round, square, rectangular</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>5</td><td>age</td><td><i>young, old, youthful</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>6</td><td>colour</td><td><i>blue, red, pink</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>7</td><td>origin</td><td><i>Dutch, Japanese, Turkish</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>8</td><td>material</td><td><i>metal, wood, plastic</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>9</td><td>type</td><td><i>general-purpose, four-sided, U-shaped</i></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>10</td><td>purpose</td><td><i>cleaning, hammering, cooking</i></td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+- *It was made of a 1 **strange**, 6 **green**, 8 **metallic** material.*
+- *It’s a 4 **long**, 8 **narrow**, 10 **plastic** brush.*
+- *Panettone is a 4 **round**, 7 **Italian**, 9 **bread-like** Christmas cake.*
+
+Here are some invented examples of longer adjective phrases. A noun phrase which included all these types would be extremely rare.
+
+- *She was a 1 **beautiful**, 2 **tall**, 3 **thin**, 5 **young**, 6 **black-haired**, 7 **Scottish** woman.*
+- *What an 1 **amazing**, 2 **little**, 5 **old**, 7 **Chinese** cup and saucer!*
+
+## Adjectives joined by and
+
+When more than one adjective occurs after a verb such as *be* (a linking verb), the second last adjective is normally connected to the last adjective by *and*:
+
+- *Home was always a warm, welcoming place. Now it is sad, dark **and** cold.*
+
+*And* is less common when more than one adjective comes before the noun (e.g. *a warm, welcoming place*). However, we can use *and* when there are two or more adjectives of the same type, or when the adjectives refer to different parts of the same thing:
+
+- *It was a **blue and green** cotton shirt.*
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Adjectives
+
+:::

docs/egt/adjectives-and-adverbs/adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/4-Adjectivephrases.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 4
+---
+
+# Adjective phrases
+
+An adjective phrase always has an adjective acting as the head. The adjective phrase may also contain words or phrases before or after the head (modifiers and complements):
+
+Adjective (head):
+
+- *That’s a **lovely** cake.*
+- *These flowers are **wonderful**.*
+
+Adjective preceded by a modifier (underlined):
+
+- *That soup is* pretty ***cold****.*
+- *Many of the exercises are* fairly ***difficult****.*
+
+Adjective + a modifier after it:
+
+- *The food was* ***tasty*** enough*.*
+- *The car is* ***economical*** for its size*.*
+
+Adjective + a word or phrase which is required to complete its meaning (a complement):
+
+- *She was* ***aware*** of the danger of travelling alone*.*
+- *Some people weren’t* ***willing*** to pay extra to book a seat on the plane*.*
+
+Adjective preceded by a modifier + a word or phrase which is required to complete its meaning (a complement):
+
+- *We’re not* very ***keen*** on having an activity holiday*.*
+- *Are you* really ***interested*** in rock and roll?
+
+Some adjective phrases have more complex structures.
+
+:::note[See also]
+
+- Adjectives
+- Adjective phrases: position
+
+:::