[CALCITE-6248] Illegal dates are accepted by casts #600

Job	Run time
Linux (JDK 11), Middle-Aged Guava	4m 3s
Linux (JDK 11), Newest Guava	4m 9s
Linux (JDK 11), Calcite Minimum Guava, America/New_York Timezone	4m 2s
Linux (JDK 11), Oldest Guava, Pacific/Chatham Timezone	4m 7s
Linux (JDK 17)	4m 21s
Linux (JDK 21)	4m 8s
Linux (JDK 8)	4m 8s
Linux (JDK 8), Avatica main	13m 50s
macOS (JDK 21)	6m 12s
Windows (JDK 11)	5m 49s
	54m 49s

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